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The outer layer or epidermis, the middle layer or corium and the bottom layer or flesh.
#HOW TO DETECT RED ROT BRASS SKIN#
The skin of any animal is made up of three layers. Because the breadth of information and variety of leather processing makes it impossible to examine all forms of leather creation, dressing, or finishing in this paper, readers interested in the processing of leather should refer to Ekornes (1997) and Guldbeck (1969). One should not forget that methods of dressing and/or finishing leather also give particular qualities and characteristic appearances to leather. Although the tanning of leather is only one step in the overall production of leather objects, it offers the most issues affecting conservation. A general description of the vegetable and mineral tanning processes and their implications for conservation will be discussed below. According to Thomson (1991a) the majority of leather objects found in museums were vegetable tanned. Of these, vegetable and mineral tanning are the most common. Historically, these processes were known as tanning, tawing, and chamoising but are now referred to as vegetable tanning, alum tanning and mineral (chrome) tanning (Waterer 1971). The majority of historic and contemporary leather has been manufactured by one of three different processes. I will focus on the major processes of leather manufacture.
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Because the last fifty years have brought great changes in the processing of leather, it is impossible in the scope of this paper to describe in detail all of the developments that have occurred in leather manufacture. Leather is a manufactured product that can be made from the skin of any living creature using a variety of methods. Within the last five to ten years, conservators have moved away from the interventive approach and devoted more attention towards the preventive approach for working with leather objects. In the preventive method, the conservator is more passive in decreasing deterioration and most often focuses on proper storage methods and environmental conditions. In doing this, one is treating leather artefacts in a way similar to the care of brand new items. One way in which this is accomplished is by treating the leather part of an object with an oil or lubricating dressing. In the interventive method, the conservator is trying to stop the deterioration process. Leather conservation is usually accomplished in one of two ways. It is particularly important to understand the ways in which leather is processed and cared for to be able to predict aging problems. This means that they contain materials other than just leather. To complicate this even further is the fact that the majority of leather objects are multicomponent. mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and processed in many different ways. While this description sounds fairly uncomplicated, one must take into consideration that leather can be made from almost any animal hide, i.e. Part of the reason for this difficulty is because one must consider the nature of the raw hide and the processes involved in its being made into leather. Where conservation of leather is concerned one can not regard it as just a single material (Waterer 1971). Leather is a particularly difficult material to conserve. What I discovered upon doing this was that there was little information about leather processing and conservation that was directed towards the average museum professional. I reviewed the current literature available, including books, manuals, and monographs on the manufacture, processing, deterioration, aging, and conservation of leather and leather artefacts. Expanding beyond the basic chemical description by explaining the processing and deterioration of leather in an easily understood manner will provide these museum professionals more information to better care for the leather objects in their collection. Although leather conservators are not common, staff at many museums need to understand the proper methods of caring for and conserving leather artefacts. More general process information about the production of leather and the implications of such processes for conservation have received far less attention. Has been explained in detail (Haines 1991 Sykes 1991 Thomson 1991a Thomson 1991b Jordan–Lloyd 1943). The examination of the chemistry of leather and its deterioration over time